AGC scheme and receiver for use in a wireless communication system

ABSTRACT

Automatic gain control (AGC) and synchronisation acquisition by a communication unit in a wireless communication system, e.g. a Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) system, is described. AGC is performed using a downlink beacon function, for example a power level (P beacon ) . Amplitude-equalising (limiting) is performed as part of synchronisation acquisition. Separate AGC processes are used for different stages of synchronisation acquisition. One AGC process uses a peak power (P(k)) of a received signal over a frame. Another AGC process uses a peak power (P(k)) of a received signal over only a portion of a frame, the portion comprising an initial synchronisation code. Another AGC process uses measurements of a received signal (P 0 (k)) taken in a downlink beacon timeslot. These processes tend to provide tolerance to a varying number of codes (M) transmitted on a timeslot-by-timeslot basis and robust initial synchronisation in the presence of strong uplink interference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0001] This invention relates to wireless communication systems and particularly to Packet-Based TDD-CDMA (Time Division Duplex—Code Division Multiple Access) systems such as UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System) systems complying with the evolving 3GPP (3^(rd) Generation Partnership Project) standard. FIG. 1 shows a block diagram of a 3GPP wireless communication system.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] In the field of this invention it is known, as shown in FIG. 2, that AGC (Automatic Gain Control) is a process used in a mobile radio receiver whereby the mobile adjusts the gain in the analogue sections of the receiver such that the signal is of the correct magnitude at the input to an ADC (Analogue to Digital Converter). If the signal is too large, then the signal will be limited or ‘clipped’, whereas if it is too small, it will be susceptible to significant signal-to-noise ratio degradation due to the quantisation process of the converter.

[0003] AGC must therefore adapt to the fluctuations in received power over time. Such fluctuations occur in mobile radio due to:

[0004] the mean pathloss between transmitter and receiver,

[0005] constructive and destructive interference between multiple transmission paths between transmitter and receiver (so-called fast-fading), and

[0006] variations in the transmitted power of the wanted and interfering signals.

[0007] In a 3GPP TDD-CDMA radio communications system, the radio resource may be considered, as shown in FIG. 3, as divided into three orthogonal planes: namely those of frequency, time, and code. Each cell or cell-sector is assigned a specific frequency in which to operate. Within this frequency allocation, the resource is split into time frames, each of length 10 ms. Each time-frame is further sub-divided into 15 timeslots, each of length 666.67 μs. Each timeslot is divided in the code-domain into 16 channelisation or ‘spreading’ codes. The properties of these codes are arranged such as to enable extraction of the information transmitted over each code from the ‘multi-code’ composite signal by signal processing means. The system may therefore distribute select information towards targeted users by means of assigning them resource defined in the three co-ordinate resource-space of frequency, time and code.

[0008] Many AGC loop designs exist (such as the analogue-monitored signal AGC loop shown in FIG. 4 and the digital-monitored loop shown in FIG. 5), but in general the loops are designed to monitor the received signal at the ADC input, or output, and provide negative feedback to the analogue variable receiver gain section in an attempt to maintain the monitored signal at a constant target level. In general, the measured characteristic of the monitored signal is peak-voltage, peak-power, or mean power. Thus, if the measured characteristic of the monitored signal is higher than the target, the analogue gain of the receiver is lowered, whereas if the characteristic of the monitored signal is lower than the target, the gain of the receiver is increased.

[0009] However, this known approach has the disadvantage(s) that:

[0010] 1) In a packet-radio system such as a TDD-CDMA system, for a particular cell frequency, the power transmitted on a timeslot is, in general, a function of the number of codes transmitted. Thus, given the timeslot-segmented nature of the TDD-CDMA system, the power transmitted in each timeslot may vary considerably as the number of codes varies. The mobile-station, although aware of its own timeslot/code allocations, is not usually aware of allocations to other users and therefore cannot predict how much power will be received in a given timeslot. This therefore presents difficulties for AGC since it is the function of AGC to adjust the receiver analogue gain in response to the received power such that signal presented to the ADC is at an appropriate level.

[0011] 2) For TDD-CDMA, a further problem exists for AGC due to the Time Division Duplex nature of the system. As illustrated in FIG. 6, during the initial synchronisation phase, the mobile station must search for a specific synchronisation code transmitted by the network. At this point, the mobile station does not have any knowledge of the frame timing of the system. Due to the fact that uplink timeslots are transmitted on the same frequency as downlink timeslots (but are separated in time within the frame), without knowledge of the frame timing, the mobile station must configure itself to receive on all timeslots in search of the synchronisation code. The mobile station receiver is therefore subject to reception of uplink signals from nearby mobile stations on the same cell frequency. These uplink signals may be hundreds of times larger in power than the downlink signal that the mobile is trying to detect. As a result, any AGC loop that tries to track the received signal power over the whole radio frame will try to accommodate the large uplink signal and may consequently suppress the (relatively small) wanted downlink synchronisation signal such as to render it undetectable (i.e., it is possible that the wanted signal in timeslot 0 will occupy so little of the ADC input voltage range as to render it undetectable).

[0012] Even if the signal is detectable, the synchronisation correlation peak in timeslot 0 may be much smaller than the correlation noise peak occurring in the timeslot with highest power. This will result in a synchronisation lock failure, or a false detection (which will also eventually lead to a synchronisation failure).

[0013] Although this problem will not always exist, it is desirable to implement a receiver strategy that provides robustness under these adverse conditions, since an intermittent inability to acquire synchronisation will obviously result in a high level of user dissatisfaction. Such conditions are likely to occur in any environment where there is a high possibility of users being in close proximity to each other.

[0014] A need therefore exists for an AGC scheme and limiting receiver architecture wherein the abovementioned disadvantage(s) may be alleviated.

STATEMENT OF INVENTION

[0015] In accordance with the present invention there is provided a method of performing automatic gain control in a communication system, comprising: using a power level of a signal received from the beacon function, and further comprising estimating a power level received from non-beacon function codes within a home cell of the communication system.

[0016] In accordance with a further aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of performing initial synchronisation in a communication unit of a communication system, comprising amplitude-equalising a received signal over a time frame.

[0017] In accordance with a further aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of performing an initial stage of a synchronisation acquisition process comprising an automatic gain control, AGC, process; the AGC process comprising use of a power characteristic of a received signal over a frame.

[0018] In accordance with a further aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of performing an intermediate stage of a synchronisation acquisition process comprising an automatic gain control, AGC, process; the AGC process comprising use of a power characteristic of a received signal over only a portion of a frame, the portion of a frame being a portion comprising an initial synchronisation code determined during a preceding initial stage of the synchronisation acquisition process.

[0019] In accordance with a further aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of performing a final stage of a synchronisation acquisition process comprising an automatic gain control, AGC, process; the AGC process comprising use of measurements of a received signal taken in a downlink beacon timeslot.

[0020] In accordance with a further aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of performing synchronisation acquisition in a communication unit of a communication system, the method comprising using different automatic gain control, AGC, processes for different stages of the synchronisation acquisition.

[0021] In accordance with a further aspect of the present invention there is provided an automatic gain control apparatus adapted to perform a method of automatic gain control in a communication system, comprising: using a power level of a signal received from the beacon function, and further comprising estimating a power level received from non-beacon function codes within a home cell of the communication system.

[0022] In accordance with a further aspect of the present invention there is provided a communication unit adapted to perform a method of automatic gain control in a communication system, comprising: using a power level of a signal received from the beacon function, and further comprising estimating a power level received from non-beacon function codes within a home cell of the communication system.

[0023] In accordance with a further aspect of the present invention there is provided a communication system adapted to perform a method of automatic gain control in a communication system, comprising: using a power level of a signal received from the beacon function, and further comprising estimating a power level received from non-beacon function codes within a home cell of the communication system.

[0024] In accordance with a further aspect of the present invention there is provided a Universal Mobile Telecommunication System adapted to perform a method of automatic gain control in a communication system, comprising: using a power level of a signal received from the beacon function, and further comprising estimating a power level received from non-beacon function codes within a home cell of the communication system.

[0025] Further aspects of the present invention are as claimed in the dependent claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0026] Embodiments of the present invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

[0027]FIG. 1 shows a 3GPP system;

[0028]FIG. 2 shows an AGC operation;

[0029]FIG. 3 shows resource allocation in Time/Frequency/Code in TDD-CDMA;

[0030]FIG. 4 shows AGC operation based on analogue-monitored signal;

[0031]FIG. 5 shows AGC operation based on digital-monitored signal;

[0032]FIG. 6 shows AGC problem during initial synchronisation;

[0033]FIG. 7 shows principles of frame-based AGC operation;

[0034]FIG. 8 shows action of a limiter;

[0035]FIG. 9 shows an analogue-limiting PSC receiver;

[0036]FIG. 10 shows an ADC-limiting PSC receiver;

[0037]FIG. 11 shows a hybrid ADC/digitally-limiting PSC receiver;

[0038]FIG. 12 shows a first mobile station AGC process (Process 1);

[0039]FIG. 13 shows a second mobile station AGC process (Process 2);

[0040]FIG. 14 shows mobile station post-synchronisation AGC; and

[0041]FIG. 15 shows a third mobile station AGC process (Process 3).

DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0042] Referring firstly to FIG. 1, a typical, standard UMTS network (100) is conveniently considered as comprising: a user equipment domain (110), made up of a user SIM (USIM) domain (120) and a mobile equipment domain (130); and an infrastructure domain (140), made up of an access network domain (150), and a core network domain (160), which is in turn made up of a serving network domain (170) and a transit network domain (180) and a home network domain (190).

[0043] In the mobile equipment domain (130), user equipment UE (130A) receives data from a user SIM (120A) in the USIM domain 120 via the wired Cu interface. The UE (130A) communicates data with a Node B (150A) in the network access domain (150) via the wireless Uu interface. Within the network access domain(150), the Node B (150A) communicates with an RNC (150B) via the Iub interface. The RNC (150B) communicates with other RNC's (not shown) via the Iur interface. The RNC (150B) communicates with a SGSN (170A) in the serving network domain (170) via the Iu interface. Within the serving network domain (170), the SGSN (170A) communicates with a GGSN (170B) via the Gn interface, and the SGSN (170A) communicates with a VLR server (170C) via the Gs interface. The SGSN (170A) communicates with an HLR server (190A) in the home network domain (190) via the Zu interface. The GGSN (170B) communicates with public data network (180A) in the transit network domain (180) via the Yu interface.

[0044] Thus, the elements RNC (150B), SGSN (170A) and GGSN (170B) are conventionally provided as discrete and separate units (on their own respective software/hardware platforms) divided across the access network domain (150) and the serving network domain (170), as shown the FIG. 1.

[0045] The RNC (150B) is the UTRAN element responsible for the control and allocation of resources for numerous Node B's (150A); typically 50 to 100 Node B's may be controlled by one RNC. The RNC also provides reliable delivery of user traffic over the air interfaces. RNC's communicate with each other (via the interface Iur) to support handover and macrodiversity.

[0046] The SGSN (170A) is the UMTS Core Network element responsible for Session Control and interface to the Location Registers (HLR and VLR). The SGSN is a large centralised controller for many RNCs.

[0047] The GGSN (170B) is the UMTS Core Network element responsible for concentrating and tunnelling user data within the core packet network to the ultimate destination (e.g., internet service provider—ISP).

[0048] A first embodiment of the invention utilises the presence of the downlink beacon-function in TDD-CDMA. For every frame transmitted, in timeslot 0 the first code in the timeslot is always transmitted. Furthermore, it is always transmitted at a known reference power level. All codes in the downlink are transmitted at, or below, this reference power level. The central part within the timeslot of the beacon function transmission is comprised of a known sequence or ‘midamble’. The midamble power is always the same as the reference power. Other codes transmitted on timeslot 0 must use midamble sequences other than the one used by the beacon function. Using, these facts, the receiver (i.e. receiving communication unit, e.g. a mobile station such as a mobile telephone) is able to estimate the power received from the beacon function (P_(beacon)) by measuring the power received in the known midamble sequence. By summing the powers received within the other midamble codes in timeslot 0, it is also able to estimate the total power received from non-beacon-function codes (P_(non-beacon)) within the home cell.

[0049] In addition to this the receiver is able to measure the total received power in the timeslot (P_(T)). This total power measurement will include power from the home cell, power received from other cells, as well as thermal noise in the receiver and other unwanted signals or ‘blockers’. With knowledge of the maximum number of downlink codes that may be transmitted (M), the receiver can calculate the receive power that would be expected (P_(M)) in the current radio frame, if the home cell transmitted M codes all at reference power. This is achieved via the following equation:

P _(M) =P _(T) −P _(non-beacon)+(M −1)P _(beacon)

[0050]FIG. 7 shows a diagrammatic representation of such frame-based AGC operation.

[0051] Thus, the AGC loop can be made to respond each frame to the characteristic P_(M) and can attempt to maintain P_(M·)G at a desired target level T, where G is the variable receiver power gain. The target level is set such that when M codes are transmitted from the home cell (and a power of P_(M) is received) , the receiver power gain G is adjusted such that the signal at the input to the ADC is at the desired level T. The dynamic range of the ADC is sufficient to receive the composite signal when just one code is transmitted. In this case the signal at the input to the ADC will be smaller than T.

G=T/P _(M)

[0052] This invention provides a means of being able to track (by means of AGC) mean pathloss variations and variations in the mean interference power seen at a mobile receiver, whilst being capable of ignoring the power fluctuations observed as a result of the dynamic downlink allocations in the home cell of code/timeslot radio resource to users on the system.

[0053] A second set of embodiments, relating in particular to amplitude-equalisation (i.e. limiting), will now be described. As mentioned previously, prior to initial synchronisation in TDD-CDMA, any frame-based AGC approach may suffer from being driven not by the desired signal in timeslot 0, but by a much larger signal transmitted by a nearby mobile station in a timeslot designated for uplink use. The synchronisation process uses a correlator matched to the Primary Synchronisation Code (PSC) in order to find the position in the frame of the transmitted PSC. The code is of length 256 chips, and therefore has a processing gain of 24 dB. Thus, the correlator has the ability to suppress non-PSC signals by 24 dB, relative to signals containing the PSC. However, if a signal in another timeslot is more than 24 dB higher in power than the desired PSC signal, the correlator will be unable to find the PSC and a false detection, or no detection could occur. It is very possible that a nearby mobile station could generate such a signal at another's receiver.

[0054] However, it can be shown that most of the processing gain is still available, even when the amplitude information contained within the signal is removed. Thus, by amplitude-equalising the signal over the whole frame, the large signal can be made to have the same power as the small signal. However, due to information contained within the small signal (i.e., the PSC code), synchronisation can still be achieved. Such an amplitude-equalising receiver is termed a limiting receiver. If a limiting receiver architecture is used therefore, the PSC code can still be detected, even in the presence of a strong uplink signal from a nearby mobile station.

[0055] Once the position of the PSC code has been determined, the limiter can be turned-off and a linear receiver can be used throughout the rest of the call to demodulate data.

[0056] The limiting process may be performed either within the analogue part of the receiver, or may be performed digitally after the ADC's. If the signal arriving at the ADC's is too large to be accommodated by the ADC's, then a form of limiting will already have been achieved, since the signal at the ADC output will be a ‘clipped’ version of that at its input.

[0057]FIG. 8 shows the action of a limiter.

[0058] For a quadrature baseband receiver in which two ADC's are used to capture the signal, this limiting process happens independently on both in-phase (I) and quadrature (Q) signal paths, thus introducing a little phase distortion and producing a non-ideal limiter (ideal limiters perfectly preserve the phase of the signal). However, even under these conditions, the PSC still remains detectable.

[0059] One receiver architecture for synchronisation would therefore be to employ an analogue limiter before the ADC's. A fixed-gain receiver could then be used wherein the gain is configured such that the PSC signal could still be detected even when being received with a power lower than the receiver noise floor (i.e., the receiver gain is configured such that signals at thermal-noise level may be received). Such an analogue-limiting PSC receiver 10 is shown in FIG. 9, and comprises a fixed analogue receiver gain module 12, an analogue limiter 14, an ADC 16 and a PSC correlator 18.

[0060] Another receiver architecture could use the ADC's themselves as the limiting device, thereby removing the need for the analogue limiter. Such an analogue-limiting PSC receiver 20 is shown in FIG. 10, and comprises a fixed analogue receiver gain module 12, an ADC 16 and a PSC correlator 18.

[0061] A further receiver architecture could employ a digital limiter after the ADC's. In such a scheme, AGC could be used to attempt to maintain the signal across the frame within the ADC range, such that the ‘ideal’ digital limiter could be used to amplitude-equalise the received timeslots. However, the AGC scheme would have to incorporate mechanisms that would prevent a very large signal from suppressing the signal in timeslot 0 so far as to render it undetectable (i.e., the gain of the receiver would not be adjustable lower than a certain value).

[0062] Conversely, in the event that the mobile station is close to the base station transmitter, the received signal in timeslot 0 could be large and as such, due to the minimum-gain restriction, the wanted signal in timeslot 0 would clip at the ADC's. In this scenario, the ADC's would act as the limiter, even though a further digital limiter is employed. However, as previously mentioned, this does not produce any significant detection impairment.

[0063] Such a hybrid ADC/digitally-limiting PSC receiver 22 is shown in FIG. 11, and comprises an analogue receiver gain module 24, an ADC 16, an AGC module 26 providing AGC with a lower-limit on applicable gain, a digital limiter 28 and a PSC correlator 18.

[0064] In further embodiments, the use of the downlink beacon function, as described for example in the first embodiment above, may be combined with amplitude-equalising (limiting) arrangements including those described above in the second set of embodiments.

[0065] Further Embodiments

[0066] In a further aspect of the invention, separate AGC processes are used for different stages of synchronisation acquisition. One particular set of processes, for a particular set of stages of synchronisation acquisition, will now be described.

[0067] The earlier described arrangements and processes may be embodied as a TDD-CDMA receiver. In 3GPP TDD-CDMA the following processes are executed before a mobile station is synchronised to the network and is able to commence communication. They are executed in sequential order, as each process uses the successful completion of the previous process.

[0068] 1. Primary Synchronisation Code Detection and Lock (PSC-lock)

[0069] 2. Frequency Synchronisation with Node-B (Automatic Frequency Correction—AFC)

[0070] 3. Secondary Synchronisation Code Demodulation (SSC) in order to determine start position of frame and timeslot 0 midamble group.

[0071] 4. Midamble code detection within the midamble group.

[0072] 5. Demodulation of BCCH logical channel (BCH transport channel, PCCPCH physical channel)

[0073] The AGC process running in the mobile station is adjusted depending on which stage the mobile station synchronisation process is at. Let us denote these as AGC processes 1, 2 and 3. Process 1 runs until step 1 has been completed, process 2 runs until step 4 has been completed, and process 3 runs from the start of step 5 onwards.

[0074] The following table illustrates these Mobile Station AGC Processes Synchronisation AGC Step Stage Process 1 PSC detection 1 2 AFC 2 3 SSC demodulation 2 4 Midamble code 2 detection 5 Demodulation of 3 BCCH

[0075] Mobile Station Pre-Sync AGC Process 1

[0076] Pre-Sync AGC process 1 is run up until PSC synchronisation lock has been achieved. Prior to PSC synchronisation the receiver architecture can be approximated by that shown in FIG. 12.

[0077] In FIG. 12, G(k) is the AGC gain applied to the receiver over the notional—or assumed—frame k (the frame is ‘notional’ since we do not know the absolute frame-start position at this stage). G(k) is derived by the pre-sync AGC process as described by the following steps:

[0078] Step 1

[0079] Find P(k), the peak power of the (complex) baseband signal measured at the output of the ADC's and before RRC (channel) digital filtering over frame k. For in-phase and quadrature ADC output samples with index m in frame k being represented by I_(k)(m) and Q_(k)(m) respectively, P(k) is simply: ${P(k)} = {\max\limits_{m}\left\{ {{I_{k}^{2}(m)} + {Q_{k}^{2}(m)}} \right\}}$

[0080] Step 2

[0081] Calculate P′ (k) the corresponding received peak power across frame k before the AGC gain, by dividing P(k) by the AGC gain applied in that frame {G(k)}. The division becomes a subtraction if a logarithmic power scale is used. ${P^{\prime}(k)} = \frac{P(k)}{G(k)}$

[0082] The first time the loop is called an initial gain setting G(k) must be assumed. This should be set to midway between maximum gain and minimum gain.

[0083] Step 3

[0084] Apply a linear-power version of P′ (k) to an averaging (low-pass) filter 40. The filter 40 is of the form:

f(k)=A×f(k−1 )+B×P′(k)

[0085] where f(k) is the filter output for the k^(th) frame and A and B are filter coefficients:

A=0.9 B=0.1

[0086] Step 4

[0087] Adjust the desired linear AGC gain for the next frame {G_(lin)(k+1)} such that:

[0088] If (either I or Q ADC's reached +′ve or−′ve full-scale output) ${G_{lin}\left( {k + 1} \right)} = {\max \left( {\frac{G(k)}{\Delta_{clip}},G_{\min}} \right)}$ Else ${G_{lin}\left( {k + 1} \right)} = {\max \left( {\frac{T_{1}}{f(k)},G_{\min}} \right)}$

[0089] End

[0090] Δ_(clip) is a divisor used to try to reduce the AGC gain in the event that either of the ADC's clipped. Δ_(clip) should default to a value of 2. T₁ is a linear target peak power setting derived such that the peak signal input to the ADC's sufficiently spans the ADC input range. Nominally T₁ shall be set to: $T_{1} = {{2\left( \frac{2^{B - 1}}{2} \right)^{2}} = \left( 2^{{2B} - 3} \right)}$

[0091] where B is the number of bits of each ADC G_(min) is a minimum allowable AGC gain. It is set such that a signal with power equal to thermal noise at the receiver antenna will arrive at the ADC's with sufficient power to toggle at least 4 bits of the ADC (+/−8 levels).

[0092] G_(min) is employed to prevent a signal at receiver sensitivity in timeslot 0 from being rendered undetectable in the event that the frame-AGC setting is determined by a very large-power co-channel timeslot (e.g., an UL transmission from a nearby mobile station).

[0093] In this case it is preferable to set the AGC for the whole frame such that timeslot 0 is detectable at the expense of clipping the high power timeslot at the ADC's (however, since the other timeslot is not of interest to the PSC detection, this is not a problem). It is possible for G_(min) to cause timeslot 0 in the wanted channel to clip if the received power of the PCCPCH is large (i.e., low pathloss between mobile station and Node-B). However, the PSC detection process has been shown to provide only slightly degraded (but still acceptable) performance even under these non-linear and phase-distorting conditions.

[0094] It will be appreciated that, although in the AGC Process 1 example described above a power characteristic of peak power is used, other power characteristics such as mean power may alternatively be used.

[0095] Amplitude Equaliser

[0096] An amplitude equaliser (digital limiter) 42 is employed before the digital channel selection filter output is fed into the PSC detection process 44 (the PSC detection process 44 forms an initial synchronisation acquisition process). This is done in order to force the power of all received timeslots to be equal in an attempt to prevent false detection of the PSC peak in a timeslot with higher power than timeslot 0. It is preferable for the amplitude equaliser to retain phase information by jointly considering in-phase and quadrate samples before forming an amplitude-adjusted output. If I and Q samples are independently adjusted then the performance of the PSC detection process is degraded by approximately 1 dB. For a complex input x=I+jQ, the ideal amplitude equaliser is of the form:

y=k(I+jQ)

[0097] where ${k = \frac{A}{{I + {j\quad Q}}}},$

[0098] A being the desired amplitude of the output sample.

[0099] Other approximate methods to adjust the amplitude of a complex signal are: $k = \frac{A}{\sqrt{2}\quad \max \left\{ {{I},{Q}} \right\}}$

k=A×2^(−┐log) ^(₂) ^((max{|I|,|Q|})┌)

[0100] which can be made to be easier to implement in hardware using compares, shifts and/or small lookup tables. These two methods result in some residual amplitude distortion, but preserve the phase the signal. The simplest non-phase-preserving amplitude equaliser is simply :

y=A×(sign(I)+sign(Q))

[0101] Mobile Station Pre-Sync AGC Process 2

[0102] Once the position of the PSC has been identified, the AGC process is slightly modified in order to track the received power in the portion of the frame corresponding to the identified location of the PSC. This allows the AGC process to ‘ignore’ the power received in other timeslots such that the receiver gain can be adjusted to accommodate the wanted portion of the signal in timeslot 0. This allows an intermediate synchronisation acquisition process 46 comprising AFC, SSC demodulation and midamble detection to be carried out using a linear receiver (i.e., the amplitude equaliser 42 may be removed).

[0103] AGC process 2, illustrated in FIG. 13, is very similar to AGC process 1 with the following differences:

[0104] The input to the AGC loop is not the peak power over the whole frame, but instead is the peak power over only the PSC portion of the frame.

[0105] The minimum AGC gain setting G_(min) restriction has been removed.

[0106] Step 1

[0107] Find P(k), the peak power of the (complex) baseband signal measured at the output of the ADC's and before RRC (channel) digital filtering over the 67 μs (256 chips at 3.84 Mcps, or 512 chips at 7.68 Mcps) following the detected arrival time of the PSC sequence. With sample index m₀ representing the start of the PSC and m₂₅₅ representing the end point of the PSC, and for in-phase and quadrature ADC output samples in frame k being represented by I_(k)(m) and Q_(k)(m) respectively, P(k) is simply: ${P(k)} = {\max\limits_{m_{0}\rightarrow m_{255}}\left\{ {{I_{k}^{2}(m)} + {Q_{k}^{2}(m)}} \right\}}$

[0108] Step 2

[0109] Calculate P′ (k) the corresponding received peak power across frame k before the AGC gain, by dividing P(k) by the AGC gain applied in that frame {G(k)}. The division becomes a subtraction if a logarithmic power scale is used. ${P^{\prime}(k)} = \frac{P(k)}{G(k)}$

[0110] Step 3

[0111] Apply a linear-power version of P′ (k) to an averaging (low-pass) filter 40. The filter 40 is of the form:

f(k)=A×f(k−1 )+B×P′(k)

[0112] where f(k) is the filter output for the k^(th) frame and A and B are filter coefficients:

A=0.9 B=0.1

[0113] Step 4

[0114] Adjust the desired linear AGC gain for the next frame {G_(lin)(k+1)} such that :

[0115] If (either I or Q ADC's reached +′ve or −′ve full-scale output) ${G_{lin}\left( {k + 1} \right)} = \frac{G(k)}{\Delta_{clip}}$ Else ${G_{lin}\left( {k + 1} \right)} = \frac{T_{2}}{f(k)}$

[0116] End

[0117] Δ_(clip) should default to a value of 2. T₂ is a linear target peak power setting derived such that the peak signal input to the ADC's sufficiently spans the ADC input range. Nominally T₂ shall be set the same as T₁. $T_{2} = {{2\left( \frac{2^{B - 1}}{2} \right)^{2}} = \left( 2^{{2B} - 3} \right)}$

[0118] where B is the number of bits of each ADC

[0119] It will be appreciated that, although in the AGC Process 2 example described above a power characteristic of peak power is used, (as with the AGC Process 1) other power characteristics such as mean power may alternatively be used.

[0120] Mobile Station AGC Process 3

[0121] AGC process 3 is run in the mobile station once the start of timeslot 0 has been established (after SSC demodulation) and the midamble codes of the PCCPCH and SCCPCH in timeslot 0 are known.

[0122] The received power in a downlink timeslot at the mobile station in the IP Wireless system is a function of several variables. These are:

[0123] 1. Number of codes transmitted in home cell (1-M codes=0-12 dB if M=16)

[0124] 2. Downlink power control of those codes

[0125] 3. Pathloss between home cell transmitter and mobile station receiver

[0126] 4. Pathloss between other cells transmitters and mobile station receiver

[0127] 5. Interference power transmitted in other cells

[0128] 6. Adjacent channel and co-channel blockers

[0129] The proposed frame-based AGC process is based on measurements taken in timeslot 0 (the beacon timeslot). Timeslot 0 is used due its beacon function (giving some knowledge as to what was transmitted in the timeslot) and also to prevent the mobile station from having to power-on in timeslots in which it has no allocation solely for AGC purposes, since this would result in increased power consumption (the mobile station has to power-on for timeslot 0 in any case).

[0130] An overview of AGC process 3 is given in FIG. 14.

[0131] In this diagram, P₀(k) is the received mean power in timeslot 0 of frame k. P_(m1)(k) is the received power of the primary midamble (the midamble associated with OVSF code 1 and PCCPCH) in timeslot 0 of the k^(th) frame. P_(m2)(k) is the received power of further non-beacon-associated midambles of the timeslot 0 of frame k. Both P_(m1)(k) and P_(m2)(k) power measurements are referenced to the ADC output (i.e., any effects of digital gains in the channel filtering and channel estimation blocks should be removed).

[0132] The goal of the loop is to keep the medium-term average of the quantity z₀={P₀(k)+15(M−1)P_(m1)(k)−P_(m2)} at a constant target level T₃, corresponding to 10 dB below the full-scale power of the ADC. The reasoning behind this is that in timeslot 0 we receive and measure a power out of the ADC's of P₀(k). P₀(k) can be thought of as being comprised of several terms:

[0133] 1. Own-cell beacon (OVSF code 1) power (P_(m1))

[0134] 2. Own-cell FACH power (P_(m2))

[0135] 3. All other noise and interference comprising thermal noise, and in-band and out-of-band interference and blocking power. The total power is I₀(k).

P ₀(k)=P _(m1)(k)+P _(m2)(k)+I ₀(k)

[0136] For the other downlink timeslots, if the interference power were to remain stationary, the maximum power we could receive would be:

P _(0,max) =MP _(m1)(k)+I ₀(k)=P ₀(k)+(M−1)P _(m1)(k)−P _(m2)(k)

[0137] Thus, by attempting to keep the quantity z₀ at a constant level, we are attempting to keep the maximum possible received DL power over the frame (based on measurements in timeslot 0) within the ADC dynamic range.

[0138]FIG. 15 shows the operation of AGC process 3.

[0139] Step 1

[0140] Measure P₀(k) , the average received power of the (complex) baseband signal across the timeslot 0 in frame k after the ADC and before RRC (channel) filtering. ${P_{0}(k)} = {\frac{1}{N}{\sum\limits_{n = 0}^{N - 1}\left( {I_{n}^{2} + Q_{n}^{2}} \right)}}$

[0141] Step 2 Calculate z₀ as:

z ₀ =P ₀(k)+(M−1)P _(m1)(k)−P _(m2)(k)

[0142] Step 3

[0143] Calculate z₀′(k) the corresponding value of z₀(k) before the ADC gain in timeslot 0, G(k) was applied as: ${z_{0}^{\prime}(k)} = \frac{z_{0}(k)}{G(k)}$

[0144] Step 4

[0145] Apply z₀′(k) to an averaging (low-pass) filter 40. The filter 40 may be of the form:

f(k)=A×f(k−1)+B×z ₀′(k)

[0146] where f(k) is the filter output for the k^(th) frame and A and B are filter coefficients:

A=0.9 B=0.1

[0147] Step 5

[0148] Adjust the desired linear AGC gain to be applied across the forthcoming frame k+1 {G_(lin)(k+1)} such that: ${G_{lin}\left( {k + 1} \right)} = \frac{T_{3}}{f(k)}$

[0149] where T₃ is a linear target power setting derived such that the signal input to the ADC's sufficiently spans the ADC input range.

[0150] The output is used for the final synchronisation acquisition process.

[0151] In the above embodiment each of AGC processes 1, 2 and 3 are employed, for the particular synchronisation stages mentioned. It is to be appreciated, however, that each of the AGC processes 1, 2 and 3 may individually be implemented as embodiments in their own right. Referring further to AGC process 1, in other embodiments the process may comprise use of a peak power of a received signal over a frame, as in the embodiment above, but alternative detailed implementation of this may take place rather than the detailed implementation described above. Likewise, referring further to AGC process 2, in other embodiments the process may comprise use of a peak power of a received signal over only a portion of a frame, the portion of a frame being a portion comprising an initial synchronisation code determined during a preceding initial stage of the synchronisation acquisition process, as in the embodiment above, but alternative detailed implementation of this may take place rather than the detailed implementation described above. Likewise, referring further to AGC process 3, in other embodiments the process may comprise use of measurements of a received signal taken in a downlink beacon timeslot, as in the embodiment above, but alternative detailed implementation of this may take place rather than the detailed implementation described above. Furthermore, in other embodiments any one or any combination of AGC processes 1, 2 and 3 may be employed at synchronisation acquisition stages or indeed for synchronisation processes other than those described above.

[0152] It will be understood that the AGC and synchronisation acquisition schemes and limiting architectures described above provides the following advantages:

[0153] 1—The schemes described above are able to adjust the receiver gain of a mobile station such that it is able to position the amplitude of the received signal at the ADC input at an appropriate level even as the number of codes (and hence the power) transmitted is varied on a timeslot-by-timeslot basis.

[0154] 2—The schemes described above, in addition to a limiting receiver architecture can be employed to enable robust initial synchronisation for TDD systems, even in the presence of strong mobile-to-mobile interference. 

1. A method of performing automatic gain control in a communication system, comprising: using a power level of a signal received from the beacon function, and further comprising estimating a power level received from non-beacon function codes within a home cell of the communication system.
 2. A method according to claim 1, further comprising measuring a total power level received in a timeslot.
 3. A method according to claim 1, further comprising using knowledge of a maximum number of codes to calculate an expected power receipt for a current frame.
 4. A method of performing initial synchronisation in a communication unit of a communication system, comprising amplitude-equalising a received signal over a time frame.
 5. A method according to claim 4, comprising detecting a weak downlink synchronisation signal in the presence of a strong uplink signal from a further communication unit of the communication system.
 6. A method according to claim 4, wherein the step of amplitude-equalising a received signal over a time frame is performed using an analogue limiter before an analogue to digital converter.
 7. A method according to claim 4, wherein the step of amplitude-equalising a received signal over a time frame is performed using an analogue to digital converter as an amplitude-equalising device.
 8. A method according to claim 4, wherein the step of amplitude-equalising a received signal over a time frame is performed using a digital limiter to amplitude-equalise the received signal after it has been analogue to digital converted.
 9. A method according to claim 4, wherein the step of amplitude-equalising a received signal over a time frame is performed using both an analogue to digital converter and a digital limiter.
 10. A method according to claim 4, further comprising using the amplitude-equalised signal to detect a primary synchronisation code.
 11. A method according to claim 4, further comprising performing automatic gain control on the received signal using a power level of a signal received from the beacon function, and further comprising estimating a power level received from non-beacon function codes within a home cell of the communication system.
 12. A method of performing an initial stage of a synchronisation acquisition process comprising an automatic gain control, AGC, process; the AGC process comprising use of a power characteristic of a received signal over a frame.
 13. A method according to claim 12 wherein the power characteristic comprises peak power.
 14. A method according to claim 13, comprising: determining the peak power of the received signal, with a current AGC gain level applied, over a frame; calculating a corresponding received peak power across the frame before the AGC gain; applying the corresponding received peak power across the frame before the AGC gain to an averaging filter; and adjusting the AGC gain for the next frame dependent on the output of the averaging filter and a target peak power.
 15. A method according to claim 14, wherein the step of adjusting the AGC gain for the next frame is also dependent on a minimum allowable AGC gain.
 16. A method according to claim 12, further comprising performing amplitude-equalisation on the amplified received signal prior to detecting an initial synchronisation code.
 17. A method of performing an intermediate stage of a synchronisation acquisition process comprising an automatic gain control, AGC, process; the AGC process comprising use of a power characteristic of a received signal over only a portion of a frame, the portion of a frame being a portion comprising an initial synchronisation code determined during a preceding initial stage of the synchronisation acquisition process.
 18. A method according to claim 17 wherein the power characteristic comprises peak power.
 19. A method according to claim 18, comprising: determining the peak power of the received signal, with a current AGC gain level applied, over the portion of a frame; calculating a corresponding received peak power across the portion of the frame before the AGC gain; applying the corresponding received peak power across the portion of the frame before the AGC gain to an averaging filter; and adjusting the AGC gain for the next frame dependent on the output of the averaging filter and a target peak power.
 20. A method of performing a final stage of a synchronisation acquisition process comprising an automatic gain control, AGC, process; the AGC process comprising use of measurements of a received signal taken in a downlink beacon timeslot.
 21. A method according to claim 20, comprising: measuring, in a given frame, an average received power across the timeslot containing the downlink beacon; calculating, with a current AGC gain level applied, a value of a power function comprising: the average received power across the timeslot containing the downlink beacon, a power level of a primary downlink beacon midamble, and power levels of further non-beacon-associated midambles of the timeslot containing the downlink beacon; calculating a corresponding value of the power function for before the AGC gain; applying the corresponding value of the power function for before the AGC gain to an averaging filter; and adjusting the AGC gain for the next frame dependent on the output of the averaging filter and a target power setting.
 22. A method of performing synchronisation acquisition in a communication unit of a communication system, the method comprising using different automatic gain control, AGC, processes for different stages of the synchronisation acquisition.
 23. A method according to claim 22, wherein the synchronisation acquisition is performed in the following stages: an initial synchronisation acquisition stage, an intermediate synchronisation acquisition stage, and a final synchronisation acquisition stage; and a first AGC process is used for the initial synchronisation acquisition stage, a second AGC process is used for the intermediate synchronisation acquisition stage, and a third AGC process is used for the final synchronisation acquisition stage.
 24. A method according to claim 21, wherein the initial synchronisation acquisition stage comprises primary synchronisation code detection; the intermediate synchronisation acquisition stage comprises automatic frequency correction, secondary synchronisation code demodulation, and midamble code detection; and the final synchronisation acquisition stage comprises demodulation of one or more broadcast control channels.
 25. A method according to claim 23, wherein the initial synchronisation acquisition stage is performed using a power characteristic of a received signal over a frame.
 26. A method according to claim 23, wherein the intermediate synchronisation acquisition stage is performed using a power characteristic of a received signal over only a portion of a frame, the portion of a frame being a portion comprising an initial synchronisation code determined during a preceding initial stage of the synchronisation acquisition process.
 27. A method according to claim 23, wherein the final synchronisation acquisition stage is performed using measurements of a received signal taken in a downlink beacon timeslot.
 28. A method according to claim 12, further comprising performing automatic gain control on the received signal using a power level of a signal received from the beacon function, and further comprising estimating a power level received from non-beacon function codes within a home cell of the communication system.
 29. A method according to claim 1, wherein the communication system is a Time Division Duplex—Code Division Multiple Access communication system.
 30. A method according to claim 29, wherein the Time Division Duplex—Code Division Multiple Access communication system is a Universal Mobile Telecommunication System.
 31. Automatic gain control apparatus adapted to perform the method of claim
 1. 32. A communication unit adapted to perform the method of claim
 1. 33. A communication system comprising apparatus adapted to perform the method of claim
 1. 34. A Universal Mobile Telecommunication System comprising apparatus adapted to perform the method of claim
 1. 